Chapters 5 (end),6,7,8, and 9 have several concepts that I would like to make sure you understand for the Exam.  I decided to try to explain these in detail rather than invest time into forming questions for every chapter like the last review.  I still recommend that you go through and try to memorize your notes as well to prepare for the test. You can formulate questions to topics you feel are important as you study.  If you have not looked at your notes, I suggest that you do so because some of these concepts are challenging to understand.  Please go over this review sheet and come to class on Monday with questions.  

Chapter 5 (end)
17)  What is an isobar?
18)  What advantage does an Infrared Satellite image have over a visible satellite image?
19)  Pressure gradient points from ________ to _________.
20)  The Pressure gradient FORCE points from ___________ to __________.
21)  What is the Coriolis Force?
22)  Rotation causes an object in motion in the NORTHERN HEMISPHERE to be deflected to the __________.
23)  In the northern hemisphere, surface High Pressure rotates in the _______________ direction, while Low pressure rotates in the __________ direction.

Recall that the pressure gradient points from low pressure to high pressure.  However, the pressure gradient force (PGF) points from high to low.  If there was no Coriolis force, the wind would simply blow in the direction of the PGF across the isobars (lines of equal pressure).  However, in the northern hemisphere the Coriolis Force is always acts to the right, so this changes the direction of the wind.  As the wind changes direction, so does the Coriolis force.  Eventually, when the wind has changed direction 90 degrees and blows parall to the isobars the Coriolis force will become exactly opposite to the PGF.  This is what is meant by the Geostrophic Balance!!! The simple definition is " the balance between the Pressure Gradient Force and the Coriolis Force."

In the real world there are more forces to consider (curvature, friction) so the winds might not be in pure Geostrophic Balance.  The main point is that when all the forces are considered, the result is winds at the surface converge toward areas of low pressure, and diverge outward from areas of high pressure.  
Convergence at the surface leads to rising  air.
Divergence at the surface leads to sinking air.
Chapter 6
The two fundamental processes that produce weather phenomena are
1) the motion of air
2) the phase change of water substances
First of all, recall the hydrostatic balance; which is defined as "the pressure gradient force in the vertical direction is balanced by gravity."  However, we observe winds in the horizontal direction daily.  Typically we can assess the speed of air in the horizontal direction to be about 10 meters per second. Now referring back to the hydrostatic balance, the vertical air speeds are  much smaller, only about a few centimeters per second.  
There are times when local areas of the atmosphere are not in hydrostatic balance.  A great example of this is inside storms.  The updrafts in thunderstorms can be as high as 60m/s.  These strong convective regions are usually associated with deep convective clouds. Clearly this is not scenario is non-hydrostatic.
So the next thing we want to find out is what happens when air moves up and down?  Well in order to simplify things, we assume we have a parcel of air.  A parcel is simply a chunk of air that we are going to focus on.  Perhaps try to think of this as a balloon, only without the actually latex lining.  
 The next assumption we are going to make is that this air parcel will undergo adiabatic processes.  What adiabatic means is that "nothing is going into this parcel, nothing is going out of this parcel."  Again going back to the balloon concept, the air inside the balloon can't escape, and likewise air outside the balloon can't enter in.  In our parcel's sake, we are assuming that air itself, as well as other properties of the air parcel (moisture, temperature...) don't interact with the outside environment.
So now that you understand the concept of an Air Parcel and Adiabatic Process lets continue to see what happens when this air parcel moves vertically.
When the parcel rises, it will expand.  When it expands, the molecules don't collide as much with each other, so the temperature decreases.  This decrease in temperature with height is approximately 10 degrees Celsius for every kilometer.  We call this the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate. So if a parcel originally has a temperature of 20 degrees, and it rises 3 kilometers, it will cool by 10+10+10=30 total degrees.  So 20 - 30 = -10 degrees Celsius. The new temperature of the air parcel will be -10C if it rises 3km.
 Another property of air is that Cold air holds less water vapor than Warm air.  Recall from last exam that there is more water vapor in the tropics than at the poles.  Another example is in the winter your skin tends to be dry because the air is so dry.  So with that in mind, we said this was an Adiabatic Process, so what happens to the moisture (water vapor) when the temperature of this parcel decreases as it rises?  At a certain temperature the air parcel will be at a temperature where it can no longer keep the water vapor (it is said to be Saturated), so some water vapor begins to condense.  The result is tiny water droplets which we see as a cloud.  The level at which a parcel of air becomes saturated is called the Lifting Condensation Level (LCL). 
 Alright, with the rising Parcel concept still in mind, Condensation releases energy in the form of latent heat.  So this heat release warms the air in the parcel, which counter-acts the cooling that occurs from expansion.  This is why the cooling rate of a parcel is less when the parcel is saturated.  We call this the Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate.  It is not constant, because as you might expect it depends on the amount of condensation taking place, but it is ALWAYS LESS that the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate.

Chapter 7
1)  Where do thunderstorms occur most frequently (globally speaking)?
2)  What are some ingredients for Severe Thunderstorms?
3)  What are the characteristics of a Severe Thunderstorm?
4)  What is the difference between a watch and a warning?
5)  What can a Doppler Radar do?
6)  What is a Hook Echo? What can it indicate?
7)  Know the basics of a thunderstorm Anatomy
8)  What is lightning?
9)  Where are the negative and positive charges in a Thunderstorm?
10) Know the lightning process.
11) What are some tips for lightning safety?
12) What is a Tornado?
13) What are the stages of development?
14) Where to tornadoes generally occur (in the US)?
15) How does a microburst work?
Chapter 8
1)  What is a Hurricane?
2)  Where are they typically confined?
3)  Do they develop over Warm water or Cold Water?
4)  What is the difference between a TD, TS, and hurricane?
5)  Where are wind speeds usually the greatest?
6)  What are some characteristics of the eye wall?
7)  What causes the most damage with hurricanes?
8)  How much did Katrina cost?
9)  What is Buys-Ballot's Law?
Chapter 9
1)  What is a major air pollution concern in large cities?
2)  What is Urbanization?
3)  What is the precursor of photochemical smog?
4)  Photochemical reactions occur in the presence of what?
5)  What are the three main ingrediants of photochemical smog?
6)  Understand the Eastern Pacific High
7)  What does PAN cause?
8)  How does the topography of Los Angeles favor smog?
9)  Under what weather conditions can the air quality be expected to inmprove?
10) What is one NATURAL example of  the close relationship between particle concentration and weather?
11) What are 2 examples of regulations that California has enacted to cut down emissions?