From http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/gyx/timeline.html
13 July 2003
  Evolution of the National Weather Service
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

1849: Smithsonian Institution supplies weather instruments to telegraph
companies and establishes extensive observation network. Observations
submitted by telegraph to the Smithsonian, where weather maps are created.

1860: 500 stations are making regular observations, but work is
interrupted by the Civil War.

1869: Telegraph service, instituted in Cincinnati, began collecting
weather data and producing weather charts.

1870: President Ulysses S. Grant signs joint resolution of Congress
authorizing the Secretary of War to establish a weather service within
the Army. First systemized, synchronous weather observations made by
Army Signal Corps at 22 stations and telegraphed to Washington. At this
point there are only four professionals employed by the Signal Corps,
issuing what could be called forecasts. The term "forecast" enters the
lexicon of official meteorology when the Signal Service first uses
"forecast" in place of "indicators" in their reports.

1870-1880: Gen. Albert J. Meyer serves as the first director of the
Weather Bureau. Gen. William Babcock serves as the director of the
Weather Bureau.

1887-1891: Maj. Gen. Adolphus Greely takes over as director of the
Weather Bureau.

May 30, 1889: An earthen dam breaks near Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The
flood kills 2,209 people and wrecks 1,880 homes and businesses.

Oct. 1. 1890: Weather Service is first identified as a civilian
enterprise when Congress, at the request of President Benjamin Harrison,
passes an act creating a Weather Bureau in the Department of
Agriculture. A weather sensitive sports event of this first year: 15th
running of the Kentucky Derby.

1891: The Secretary of Agriculture directs R.G. Dyrenforth to carry out
rain-making experiments by setting off explosions from balloons in the
air; Weather Bureau becomes responsible for issuing flood warnings to
the public; Telegraphic reports of stages of rivers were made at 26
places on the Mississippi and its tributaries, the Savannah and Potomac
Rivers.

1891-1895: Prof. Mark W. Harrington replaces Maj. Gen. Greely as
director of the Weather Bureau.

1894: William Eddy, using five kites to loft a self-recording
thermometer, makes first observations of temperature aloft.

Sept. 30, 1895: The first Washington daily weather map is published by
the Weather Bureau. An expanded version, covering the entire nation, is
still published weekly in 1991.

1895-1913: Secretary of Agriculture J. Sterling Morton appoints Prof.
Willis Luther Moore chief of the Weather Bureau.

1898: President William McKinley orders the Weather Bureau to establish
a hurricane warning network in the West Indies.

1900: Cable exchange of weather warnings and other weather information
begins with Europe.

September, 1900: Hurricane strikes Galveston, Tex., killing over 6,000
people. The wife of the Galveston Official-in-Charge and one Weather
Bureau employee and his wife are killed in the associated flooding.
Weather Bureau forecasts the storm 4 days earlier, but not the high tide.

1901: Official three day forecasts begin for the North Atlantic. At the
Weather Bureau Conference in Milwaukee, Wis., Willis Moore observed the
Post Office Department was delivering slips of paper on which were daily
forecasts, frost and cold-wave warnings, to the everyone's door with the
mail. The one disadvantage to the system was the mail carriers started
their routes abut 7 a.m. and that day's forecast was not issued until 10
a.m., so the previous night's forecasts were used.

1902: The Marconi Company begins broadcasting Weather Bureau forecasts
by wireless telegraphy to Cunard Line steamers; the Bureau begins
collecting flood damage statistics nationally.

1903: Weather sensitive historic events: United States and Panama sign
the Canal Treaty; the first automobile trip across the United States is
completed from San Francisco to New York City; Orville Wright makes
first powered airplane flight at Kill Devil Hill, N.C., after
consultation with the Weather Bureau.

1904: Government begins using airplanes to conduct upper air atmospheric
research.

1905: The SS New York transmits the first wireless weather report
received a ship at sea.

1907: Weather sensitive historic event: Round-the-world cruise of U.S.
"Great White Fleet" including 16 battleships and 12,000 men.

1909: The Weather Bureau begins its program of free-rising balloon
observations.

1910: Weather Bureau begins issuing generalized weekly forecasts for
agricultural planning; its River and Flood Division begins assessment of
water available each season for irrigating the Far West.

1911: The first transcontinental airplane flight, from New York City to
Pasadena, Calif., by C.P. Rogers, in 87 hours and 4 minutes, air time,
over a period of 18 days.

1912: As result of the Titanic disaster, an international ice patrol is
established, conducted by the Coast Guard; first fire weather forecast
issued; Dr. Charles F. Marvin appointed chief of the Weather Bureau.

1913-1934: Prof. Charles F. Marvin serves as the new chief of the
Weather Bureau, replacing Prof. Moore.

1914: An aerological section is established within the Weather Bureau to
meet growing needs of aviation; first daily radiotelegraphy broadcast of
agricultural forecasts by the University of North Dakota.

1916: Fire Weather Service established, with all district forecast
centers authorized to issue fire weather forecasts; the Bureau's fire
district forecast center started at Medford, Oregon.

1917: Norwegian meteorologists begin experimenting with air mass
analysis techniques which will revolutionize the practice of meteorology.

1918: The Weather Bureau begins issuing bulletins and forecasts for
domestic military flights and for new air mail routes.

1919: Navy Aerological Service established on a permanent basis; First
Transatlantic flight by U.S. Navy sea plane, with stops in Newfoundland,
Azores and Lisbon.

1920: Meteorologists form a professional organization, the American
Meteorological Society.

1921: The University of Wisconsin makes a radiotelephone broadcast of
weather forecasts, the first successful use of the new medium for
weather advisories.

1922: Histories of 500 river stations completed.

1926: The Air Commerce Act directs the Weather Bureau to provide for
weather services to civilian aviation; fire weather service formally
inaugurated when Congress provides funds for seven fire weather districts.

1927: The Weather Bureau establishes a West Coast prototype for an
Airways Meteorological Service; Charles A. Lindbergh flies alone from
Long Island, non-stop, to Paris. The 3610 mile trip is completed in 33.5
hours. As on his earlier transcontinental flight, he consulted the
Bureau in planning this flight. However, Lindbergh didn't wait for final
confirmation of good weather over the Atlantic. When Weather Bureau
officials in New York heard that Lindbergh had left, they expressed
surprise because the forecasts indicated that the flight should have
been delayed by at least 12 hours. Indeed, Lindbergh ran into problems
with fog and rain--as the Weather Bureau had predicted.

1928: The teletype replaces telegraph and telephone service as the
primary method for communicating weather information.

1931: The Weather Bureau begins regular 5 a.m. EST aircraft observations
at Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas and Omaha, at altitudes reaching 16,000
feet. This program spells the demise of "kite stations."

1933: A science advisory group apprises President Franklin D. Roosevelt
that the work of the volunteer Cooperative Weather observer network is
one of the most extraordinary services ever developed, netting the
public more per dollar expended than any other government service in the
world. By 1990 the 25 mile radius network encompasses nearly 10,000
stations.

1934-1938: Dr. Willis L. Gregg is named Bureau Chief, replacing Prof.
Marvin.

1934: Bureau establishes an Air Mass Analysis Section; 1934-37 "Dust
Bowl" drought in southern plains causes severe economic damage.

1935: A hurricane warning service is established; The Smithsonian
Institution begins making long-range weather forecasts based on solar
cycles; floating automatic weather instruments mounted on buoys begin
collecting marine weather data.

1936: Hoover Dam is completed, a weather sensitive engineering feat.

1937: First official Weather Bureau radio meteorograph, or radiosonde
sounding made at East Boston, Mass. This program spells the end for
aircraft soundings since balloons average only 50,000 feet altitude.
Twelve pilots die flying weather missions. January flood on the Ohio
River is the greatest ever experienced, with Ohio River levels exceeding
all previous. Cincinnati's 80 - foot crest and Louisville's 81.4 foot
crest have never been exceeded. Seventy percent of Louisville under
water, 175,000 of its residents flee their homes; the entire city of
Paducah, Kentucky, (population 40,000) is evacuated.

1938-1963: President Franklin D. Roosevelt appoints Dr. Francis W.
Reichelderfer Chief of the Weather Bureau.

1939: Bureau initiates automatic telephone weather service in New York
City; radio meteorgraphs, or radiosondes, replace all military and
Weather Bureau aircraft observations.

1940: Weather Bureau transferred to Department of Commerce; Army and
Navy establish weather centers; President Roosevelt orders Coast Guard
to man ocean weather stations.

1941: Dr. Helmut Landsberg, "the Father of Climatology", writes the
first edition of his elementary textbook entitled Physical Climatology.

1942: A Central Analysis Center, forerunner of the National
Meteorological Center, is created to prepare and distribute master
analyses of upper atmosphere; Joint Chiefs of Staff establish a Joint
Meteorological Committee to coordinate wartime civilian and military
weather activities; Navy gives the Weather Bureau 25 surplus aircraft
radars to be modified for ground meteorological use, marking the start
of a weather radar system in the U.S. Navy aerologists play key role as
U.S. Carrier-based Navy planes decimate Japanese fleet in mid-Pacific
Battle of Midway Island in early June 1942, turning point in World War
II. A cooperative thunderstorm research effort is undertaken by the
Bureau, military services, and the University of Chicago.

1944: The decision to invade Normandy on June 6th was based on weather
forecasts, which indicated the correct combination of tides and winds.

1946: The U.S. Weather Bureau selects Cincinnati, Ohio and Kansas City,
Missouri, as locations for the nation's first hydrologist staffed River
Forecast Centers. Eventually, 13 RFC's would be established to serve the
United States.

1948: USAF Air Weather Service meteorologists issue first tornado
warnings from a military installation. Princeton's Institute for
Advanced Studies begins research into use of a computer for weather
forecasting; Chicago Weather Bureau office demonstrates use of facsimile
for map transmission; truck mounted campers first used as mobile
forecast stations in major forest fires.

1950: The Weather Bureau begins issuing 30-Day weather outlooks;
authorizes release of "tornado alerts" to the public.

1951: Severe Weather Warning Center begins operation at Tinker Air Force
Base, Okla., forerunner of the National Severe Storms Center; World
Meteorological Organization established by the U.N. Bureau Chief
Riechelderfer elected its first head; Bureau's New Orleans data
tabulation unit moves to Asheville, N.C., to become the National Weather
Records Center and later the National Climatic Data Center.

1952: Bureau organizes Severe Local Storms Forecasting Unit in
Washington, D. C. and begins issuing tornado forecasts.

1954: The Weather Bureau, Navy, Air Force, MIT's Institute for Advanced
Study, and the University of Chicago form a Joint Numerical Weather
Prediction Unit at Suitland, MD; This will become a twice daily routine
in 1955, using an IBM 701. First radar specifically designed for
meteorological use, the AN/CPS-9, is unveiled by the Air Weather
Service, USAF.

1955: Hurricane Diane floods the Northeast and 187 people die. Regularly
scheduled operational computer forecasts begun by the Joint Numerical
Forecast Unit. Weather Bureau becomes a pioneer civilian user of
computers along with the Census Bureau in Commerce; Bureau begins
development of Barotropic model, a first for numerical predictions.

1956: The Bureau initiates a National Hurricane Research Project.

1957-58: International Geophysical year provides first concerted world
wide sharing of meteorological research data. Dr. Reichelderfer accepts
proposal by Dr. James Brantly of Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories to
modify surplus Navy Doppler radars for severe storms observation--the
first endeavor to measure motion of precipitation particles by radar.

1958: Weather related scientific event: Explorer I is launched into
space by an Army Redstone Rocket from Cape Canaveral. This satellite
discovers the Van Allen Radiation Belts; the National Meteorological
Center is established; the first commercial jet passenger flight from
New York to Miami by National Airlines.

1959: Major weather scientific event: The Army launches Vanguard II from
Cape Canaveral, carrying two photocell units to measure sunlight
reflected from clouds, demonstrating feasibility of a weather satellite;
The Bureau's first WSR-57 weather surveillance radar is commissioned at
Miami hurricane forecast center. Same model, now obsolete, is still in
service in New York City, although replacement parts must be machined by
hand; The Naval Aerological Service becomes the Naval Weather Service.
The Thomas Jefferson and John Campanius Holm awards are created by the
Weather Bureau to honor volunteer observers for unusual and outstanding
accomplishments in the field of meteorological observations.

1960: World's first weather satellite, solar orbiting TIROS I,
successfully launches from the Air Force Missile Test Center at Cape
Canaveral, Fla.; the bureau and NASA invite scientists from 21 nations
to participate in the analysis of weather data gathered by TIROS II; In
cooperation with the Department of Health, Education and Welfare,
Weather Bureau meteorologists issue first advisories on air pollution
potential over the Eastern United States.

1961: President Kennedy, in his State of the Union address, invites all
nations to join the United States in developing an International Weather
Prediction Program. The Bureau assumes full responsibility for severe
weather forecasting, establishing the National Severe Storms Center in
Kansas City; special training begins for Federal Aviation Authority
employees to equip them to brief pilots as part of a joint FAA-Bureau
program; to USAF Air Weather Service issues first official forecast of
clear air turbulence; scientists from 27 countries attend NASA Weather
Bureau sponsored international workshop on techniques to interpret
weather satellite data.

1963-1965: Dr. Robert M. White succeeds Dr. Reichelderfer as Chief of
the Bureau.

1963: Commerce Dept. polar orbiting weather satellite TIROS III is
launched with automatic picture transmission (APT) capability,
eventually to provide continuous cloud images to over 100 nations.

1964: Secretary of Commerce establishes the office for the Federal
Coordinator for meteorology; the National Severe Storms Laboratory is
established in Norman, Okla.; the American Meteorological Society writes
to the Taiwanese Ambassador to the U.S. deploring treatment accorded Mr.
Kenneth T.C. Cheng, Head of the Taiwan Weather Service, who had been
indicted for an incorrect typhoon forecast. The AMS points out that if
forecasters were indicted for an incorrect forecast there could soon be
a total lack of forecasters. (Minutes of AMS Council, October 3, 4, 1964).

1965: Environmental Science Services Administration is created in the
Department of Commerce, incorporating the Weather Bureau and several
other agencies; Dr. White is appointed Administrator.

1965-1979: Dr. George Cressman is named Bureau Director.

1966: Weather officials from 25 nations meet in London for the First
International Clean Air Congress; National Meteorological Center
introduces a computer numerical model capable of making sea level
predictions as accurate as those made manually.

1967: Responsibility for issuing air pollution advisories is assigned to
the Service's National Meteorological Center; fire weather forecasts
extended to cover contiguous U.S.

1969: Weather related historic event: Neil Armstrong, Commander of
spacecraft Apollo 11, becomes first man to set foot on the moon.

1970: ESSA becomes NOAA--National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, with Dr. White as Administrator; Weather Bureau is
renamed the National Weather Service, under the Environmental Science
services Administration (ESSA).

1972: Rainfall from Hurricane Agnes floods the east coast, killing 105
people; a flash flood in the Black Hills of South Dakota kills 237 people.

1973: National Weather Service purchases its second generation radar
(WSR-74).

1975: The first "hurricane hunter" Geostationary Operational
Environmental Satellite (GOES) is launched into orbit; these satellites
with their early and close tracking of hurricanes, will greatly reduce
the loss of life from such storms.

1976: Real-time operational forecasts and warnings using Doppler radar
are evaluated by the Joint Doppler Operational Project, spawning a third
Generation Weather Radar (WSR 88). The Big Thompson Canyon, Colorado
flood kills 139 people.

1977: Success of weather satellites causes elimination of last U.S.
weather observation ship; real time access to satellite data by national
centers advances hurricane, marine and coastal storm forecasts.

1979-1988: Dr. Richard Hallgren appointed NOAA Assistant Administrator
for Weather Services.

1980: Mt. St. Helens, a dormant volcano in Washington State, erupts;
weather satellites spot eruption and alert FAA.

1980: "Dean of the Cooperative Weather Observers," Mr. Edward H. Stoll
of Elwood, Nebraska, is honored at the Nation's Capitol and meets
President Jimmy Carter in the White House. Mr. Stoll had faithfully
served as a Cooperative Observer since October 10, 1905. Various "hot
weather topics" become of general public concern, such as the El
Nino/Southern Oscillation as a factor in U. S. weather, and global warming.

1981: Weather related science event: World's first reusable space
shuttle, Columbia, launched, completing its mission three days later.

1982: El Chicon erupts in Mexico; NOAA polar weather satellites tracks
movement of its cloud around the earth as a possible global climate impact.

1984: The National Weather Service provides special forecast for the
Olympic Games in Los Angeles; Weather related event: First successful
solo balloon crossing of the Atlantic by pilot Joe Kittinger, 83 hours
and 45 minutes.

1984: September 11-13--first official Air Transportable Mobile Unit
(ATMU) dispatches to the Shasta-Trinity National Forest wildfire. The
ATMU is dispatched by plane from Redding, California while the
forecaster is flying from Sacramento, Calif. These mobile fire units are
deployed nationwide in 1987. ATMUs permit NWS forecasters to set up
remote observing and forecasting offices anywhere in the world within
hours of a request for on- site fire weather support.

1985: A Nested Grid Model (NGM) becomes operational; Harvard's Blue Hill
Observatory celebrates 100 years of continuous monitoring of the
atmosphere. President Ronald Reagan awards Dr. Helmet Landsberg the
National Medal of Science, the most prestigious service award a civilian
can receive.

1986: Eight day non-stop Voyager around-the-world balloon flight
completed with assistance of continuous weather support from retired,
volunteer, and current Weather Service employees.

1988: Weather Service operates several remote forecast operations in
Yellowstone Park to assist in fighting week-long wildfire; National
Hurricane Center provides continuous advisories and early forecast on
movement of giant hurricane Gilbert to assist Caribbean and U.S. coastal
areas with evacuation plans; 1987-88 major drought experienced by
nation's midsection, with some of lowest river levels in 50 years
observed on the Mississippi; Dr. Haligren retires to become President of
the AMS.

1988-present: Dr. Elbert W. Friday, Jr., appointed NOAA Assistant
Administrator for Weather Services.

1989: U.S. assists clean up efforts in San Francisco Earthquake area
with mobile forecast unit; Miami Hurricane Center plays central role in
limiting loss of life from gigantic storm Hugo which causes $7 billion
damage. Eight year national plan for the modernization and restructuring
of the National Weather Service is announced.

1990: Procured and installed a supercomputer - the Cray Y-MP8 at the
National Meteorological Center to run higher resolution and more
sophisticated numerical weather production models. The National Weather
Service exercised the contract option for full scale production with the
Unisys Corporation for production of 165 Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD)
units and over 300 display subsystems. The explosive growth of
technology has led to NEXRAD, a joint project of the Departments of
Commerce, Transportation, and Defense to meet their common radar needs.
Continued development and planning for the Automated Surface Observing
System (ASOS). Today, routine surface observations are collected
manually each hour at 260 Weather Service facilities with 1,200 people
giving at least part time to the task. By freeing them of manual
observations, the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) will help
provide this vital time. A joint effort of NOAA and the Federal Aviation
Administration, the ASOS program will produce as many as 1,700
units--scheduled for installation at U.S. airports by the mid 1990s.
operating automatically 24 hours a day, they will alert forecasters to
significant weather changes.

1991: Automated Surface Observing System contract, a key element in
NOAA's modernization of its NWS, awarded to AAI Corporation of Hunt
Valley, Maryland on February 19th.

1992: Twenty-two of the planned 115 modernized Weather Forecast Offices
(WFO) were built or remodeled during the year, with 12 NWS radars
installed. Of a programmed 1,700 ASOS units, 151 were installed and 13
commissioned. Hurricane Inki struck the Hawaiian island of Kauai killing
seven and Hurricane Andrew devastates Florida and Louisiana.

1993: "Year of Water" -- record floods inundate the Midwest; the
National Weather Service earns the U.S. Commerce Department's highest
award, a gold medal, for performance during the flooding. Advanced
Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) contract awarded to PRC,
Inc., of McLean, VA. AWIPS will rapidly analyze weather data and
distribute it nationwide; the 100th new Doppler weather radar was
installed; the blizzard of '93 deposited enough precipitation in one
weekend to drastically change the Spring hydrologic outlook; an
international training facility was dedicated at the National
Meteorological Center. Two scientists develop a new method of processing
atmospheric data needed for global forecasting and five meteorologists
from Alaska design a state-of-the-art computer network used to improve
forecasting capabilities in Alaska.

1994: Dr. Elbert W. Friday, Jr., was honored as Federal Executive of the
Year; tornadoes plow through Southeast United States killing 40; Vice
President Al Gore launches NOAA Weather Radio initiative to increase
transmitter coverage to 95 percent of the population; the new Cray C90
supercomputer was dedicated providing for faster and more accurate
forecasts; NOAA and the EPA launched an experimental Ultraviolet
Exposure Index.