NAME OF THE NUMERIC DATA PACKAGE United States Historical Climatology Network (HCN) Serial Temperature and Precipitation Data NOTE: This data package represents a beta version of the data package as distributed by CDIAC (through December 1994), with this data package currently updated through December 1996. CONTRIBUTORS Thomas R. Karl, David R. Easterling, Pamela Y. Hughes, and Elaine H. Mason National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center 151 Patton Avenue, Room 120 Asheville, North Carolina 28801-5001 Paul F. Jamason DynTel Central Zone Program National Climatic Data Center 151 Patton Avenue, Room 120 Asheville, North Carolina 28801-5001 SCOPE The purpose of this file is to provide a description of and the format for the following USHCN data files: max.data.Z Areal Edited, Time of Observation, and Filnet Adjusted Maximum Monthly Temperature mean.calc.data.Z Time of Observation and Filnet Adjusted Mean Monthly Temperature (Calculated from max.data.Z and min.data.Z) mean.data.Z Areal Edited, Time of Observation, and Filnet Adjusted Mean Monthly Temperature min.data.Z Areal Edited, Time of Observation, and Filnet Adjusted Minimum Monthly Temperature pcp.data.Z Areal Edited, Time of Observation, and Filnet Adjusted Monthly Precipitation station.history.Z Station History station.inventory.Z Station Inventory station.landuse.Z Station Area Land Use and Land Cover urban.max.Z Urban Heat Adjusted Maximum Monthly Temperature urban.mean.calc.data.Z Urban Heat Adjusted Mean Monthly Temperature (Calculated from urban.max.Z and urban.min.Z) urban.mean.Z Urban Heat Adjusted Mean Monthly Temperature urban.min.Z Urban Heat Adjusted Minimum Monthly Temperature The Areal Edited data is the original (or raw) data that have been screened to flag monthly data that are suspect/outliers (over 3 standard deviations from period of record mean of the element). The Time of Observation data is the Areal Edited data that have been adjusted to remove the time of observation bias so that the data will be consistent with a midnight-to-midnight observation schedule. The Filnet data is the Time of Observation data that have been adjusted for the Maximum/Minimum Temperature System (MMTS) bias, station moves/changes bias, and contains estimated values for missing/outlier data. The Urban Adjusted data is the Filnet data that have been adjusted for bias due to urbanization effects. For additional information, see the homepage at: URL: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov OBTAINING FILES These files have been compressed using the UNIX compression utility compress. If this utility is not available, leave off the .Z extension and the files will uncompress on the fly through ftp. TEMPERATURE DATA Areal Edited, Time of Observation, and Filnet Adjusted Data Record Size: 144 characters/record The USHCN data base contains monthly maximum, minimum, and mean temperature data (in hundredths of degrees fahrenheit) for the 1221 USHCN stations. There is also a time of observation and filnet mean data set (mean.calc.data.Z) that is the mean monthly temperature calculated from the time of observation and filnet adjusted maximum temperature (max.data.Z) and the time of observation and filnet adjusted minimum (min.data.Z) data sets. The format of the files is as follows: Position Data Field 01 - 06 STATION ID 01-02 State Code 03-06 Coop Station Number 08 - 11 YEAR OF DATA 13 DATA ELEMENT (1 = maximum temperature; 2 = minimum temperature; 3 = mean temperature) 14 DATA TYPE (" " = Areal Edited Value; "+" = Time of Observation Value; "A" = Filnet Value; "C" = Confidence Factor Value) 15 - 144 MONTHLY DATA VALUES AND FLAGS [13 data values (12 months and 1 annual) with flags] as follows: 15 - 20 January Data Value 21 - 24 Flags for January Data Value 25 - 30 February Data Value 31 - 34 Flags for February Data Value ............................................ 125 - 130 December Data Value 131 - 134 Flags for December Data Value 135 - 140 Annual Data Value 141 - 144 Flags for Annual Data Value Each monthly flag has 4 positions: Areal Edited, Time of Observation, and Filnet Data (1) the first position is the code for the number of daily values not available in computing the monthly value ("A" = 1, "B" = 2, "C" = 3,..."H" = 8); or the code "I" for interpolated or "." for estimated. [NOTE: for values from digital sources (e.g., second flag position = "0" or "1"), the days missing code will be an "I" to indicate between 1 to 9 days were missing from the monthly value; whereas, for non-digital sources, a days missing code of "I" means 9 days missing.] Confidence Record (1) the first position is blank; Areal Edited, Time of Observation, and Filnet Data (2) the second position is the code for the data source: 0 = NCDC Tape Deck 3200, Summary of the Day Element Digital File 1 = NCDC Tape Deck 3220, Summary of the Month Element Digital File 2 = Means Book - Smithsonian Institute, C.A. Schott (1876, 1881 thru 1931) 3 = Manuscript - Original Records, National Climatic Data Center 4 = Climatological Data (CD), monthly NCDC publication 5 = Climate Record Book, as described in History of Climatological Record Books, U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, USGPO (1960) 6 = Bulletin W - Summary of the Climatological Data for the United States (by section), F.H. Bigelow, U.S. Weather Bureau (1912); and, Bulletin W - Summary of the Climatological Data for the United States, 2nd Ed. 7 = Local Climatological Data (LCD), monthly NCDC publication 8 = State Climatologists, various sources B = Professor Raymond Bradley - Refer to Climatic Fluctuations of the Western United States During the Period of Instrumental Records, Bradley, et. al., Contribution No. 42, Dept. of Geography and Geology, University of Massachusetts (1982) D = Dr. Henry Diaz, a compilation of data from Bulletin W, LCD, and NCDC Tape Deck 3220 (1983) G = Professor John Griffiths - primarily from Climatological Data Blank = computed value from two of three temperature elements Confidence Record (2) the second position is the code representing the number of the move, counting back from 1994: 0 = no move; 1 = first move; 2 = second move; ................ 9 = ninth move; A = tenth move; B = eleventh move; .................. Areal Edited Data (3) the third position is blank; Time of Observation Data (3) the third position is the code for the quality of the available observation times for a given station: F = information concerning the observation times for the station during that year was suspect or "flaky"; G = information concerning the observation times for the station during that year was "good" and the information was judged to be accurate; Blank = information concerning the observation times was not available for the station during that year and the data are represented as missing. Filnet Data (3) the third position is the code for the temperature indicator for the Time of Observation bias correction: O = corrected; Blank = no observation time correction (treated as a station move). Confidence Record (3) the third position is the code for representing the significance level at which the initial adjustment was made: 1 = sigma of 1.0 and confidence interval of 16% to 84%; 2 = sigma of 2.0 and confidence interval of 5% to 95%; 3 = sigma of 2.57 and confidence interval of 1% to 99%; 5 = sigma of 3.75 and confidence interval of 0.01% to 99.99%; C = closed station value; the station has missing values at the end of the period of record for at least one calendar year; U = the algorithm was unable to adjust the entire series due to the station density of the network, but an estimate for the missing data is given by using neighboring stations; X = the algorithm was unable to adjust the data. Areal Edited and Time of Observation Data (4) and the fourth position is the code that indicates whether the monthly value is an "outlier"; S = between 3 to 5 standard deviations. X = greater than 5 standard deviations from period of record mean of the element; Filnet Data (4) and the fourth position is the code that indicates outliers, closed station values, and missing data estimates: C = station has closed; the station has missing values at the end of the period of record for at least one calendar year; E = original data available are available, but data were estimated using nearest neighbors because: (1) the data were between 3.5 and 5.0 standard deviations from their mean offset and 1 or more days in the month were missing, or (2) adjustments of original data were inappropriate (< 5 years between potential inhomogeneities) so nearest neighbors were used to estimate the data consistent with its 1994 location or most recent location with at least 5 years without potential station discontinuities. M = no original data are available, but an estimate is provided that is consistent with the data adjusted by using nearest neighboring stations; or, the data were in excess of 5.0 standard deviations from their mean offset with respect to the station's nearest neighbors; S = between 3 to 5 standard deviations. Confidence Record (4) the fourth position is blank; Each annual flag has 4 positions: Areal Edited Data (1) the first position is the code for the days missing: I = indicates "incomplete", if any monthly values had days missing. Time of Observation, Filnet Data, and Confidence Record (1) the first position is blank; Areal Edited Data (2) the second position is the code for the data source (same as monthly flag); Time of Observation, Filnet Data, and Confidence Record (2) the second position is blank; Areal Edited Data, Time of Observation, Filnet Data, and Confidence Record (3) the third position is blank; Areal Edited Data, Time of Observation, Filnet Data, and Confidence Record (4) the fourth position is blank. Urban Heat Adjusted Data Record Size: 130 characters/record The USHCN data base contains urban adjusted monthly maximum (urban.max.Z), minimum (urban.min.Z), and mean (urban.mean.Z) temperature data (in hundredths of degrees fahrenheit) for the 1221 USHCN stations. There is also an urban mean data set (urban.mean.calc.Z) that is the mean monthly temperature calculated from the urban adjusted maximum temperature (urban.max.Z) and the urban adjusted minimum (urban.min.Z) data sets. The format of the files is as follows: Position Data Field 01 - 06 STATION ID 01 - 02 State ID 03 - 06 Coop ID 08 - 11 YEAR OF DATA 13 - 18 JANUARY MONTHLY VALUE 20 - 25 FEBRUARY MONTHLY VALUE .................................... 90 - 95 DECEMBER MONTHLY VALUE 97 - 102 WINTER SEASONAL VALUE (December of Prior Year, January and February of Current Year) 104 - 109 SPRING SEASONAL VALUE (March, April, and May of Current Year) 111 - 116 SUMMER SEASONAL VALUE (June, July, and August of Current Year) 118 - 123 FALL SEASONAL VALUE (September, October, and November of Current Year) 125 - 130 ANNUAL VALUE (January - December of Current Year) PRECIPITATION DATA Record Size: 144 characters/record The USHCN data base contains total monthly precipitation (pcp.data.Z) data (in hundredths of inches) for the 1221 USHCN stations. The data is in the same format as the temperature data, with the following flag code differences: Monthly Flag Codes Areal Edited and Time of Observation Data (3) the third position is the code for indicating trace amounts of precipitation: T = trace amount of precipitation; data value = 0.00. Filnet Adjusted Data (3) the third position is blank; Confidence Record (3) the third position is for representing how the data was adjusted: A = annual values were used to adjust the data; S = seasonal values were used to adjust the data; U = the algorithm was unable to adjust the entire series due to the station density of the network, but an estimate for the missing data is given by using neighboring stations; X = the algorithm was unable to adjust the data. Annual Flag Codes Areal Edited and Time of Observation Data (3) the third position is the code for indicating trace amounts of precipitation: T = trace amount of precipitation during at least one month of the year; all monthly and annual data values = 0.00. Filnet Adjusted Data (3) the third position is blank; STATION HISTORY DATA Record Size: 236 characters/record The USHCN station history file (station.history.Z) contains station histories for the 1221 USHCN stations. The format of the file is as follows: HEADER RECORD: RECORD # OF POSITION CHAR CONFIGURATION DEFINITIONS & REMARKS 01-06 6 NUMERIC STATE & STATION NUMBER [First two positions indicate the state code (see Appendix A); last four indicate the NCDC Cooperative substation ID number] 08-09 2 ALPHA STATE ABBREVIATION (see Appendix A) 11-12 2 NUMERIC DIVISION NUMBER 14-43 30 ALPHA-NUMERIC MOST CURRENT STATION NAME [condensed form of the station name and qualifier (see Positions 84-122 of Data Record)] 45-60 16 ALPHA COUNTY NAME [if a prior county location was known, the earlier name and date of change is given in the X-REFERENCE (Positions 62-86 of the Header Record)] 62-86 25 ALPHA-NUMERIC X-REFERENCE [Station number for another location to/from which the current station has moved or gives change in county name (e.g. "To 2337"; "From 2335"; "Cty = Buncombe, 9/1897") or Blank, if not applicable] 87-236 150 BLANK DATA RECORD: 01-06 6 NUMERIC STATE & STATION NUMBER [First two positions indicate the state code (see Appendix A); last four indicate the NCDC Cooperative substation ID number] 08-17 10 NUMERIC (mm dd yyyy) BEGIN DATE 08-09 2 comprised of: Month (mm = 01-12, 99) 11-12 2 Day (dd = 01-31, 99) 14-17 4 Year (yyyy = 1738-1994, 9999) NOTE: Values are separated by blanks. "99" or "9999" are used for unknown component(s) of the date. 19-28 10 NUMERIC (mm dd yyyy) END DATE 19-20 2 comprised of: Month (mm = 01-12, 99) 22-23 2 Day (dd = 01-31, 99) 25-28 4 Year (yyyy = 1738-1994, 9999) NOTE: Values are separated by blanks. "99" or "9999" are used for unknown components of the date. An end date of "99 99 9999" indicates the station is still presently active. 30-44 15 NUMERIC (0,1) SUSPECT FIELDS Positions equal to "1" indicate the data field(s) flagged by pre-key editor as suspect POSITION DATA FIELD 30 1 Latitude 31 2 Longitude 32 3 Distance from Previous Location 33 4 Elevation 34 5 Distance from Post Office Location 35 6 Station Name 36 7 Qualifier 37 8 Instruments 38 9 Observation Times 39 10 Instrument Heights 40 11 Publications 41 12 Begin Date 42 13 End Date 43 14 Observer 44 15 Other Observers 46-51 6 NUMERIC LATITUDE (DEGREES/MINUTES) 46-48 3 S00-S90 Degrees, where "S" denotes sign: S= " " indicates North; S= "-" indicates South 50-51 2 00-59 Minutes 53-59 7 NUMERIC LONGITUDE (DEGREES/MINUTES) 53-56 4 S000-S180 Degrees, where "S" denotes sign: S= " " indicates West; S= "-" indicates East 58-59 2 00-59 Minutes NOTE: In the context of the USHCN, the location of temperature instrument defines official station location. 61-63 3 NUMERIC DISTANCE FROM PREVIOUS LOCATION (DPL) units in tenths of miles unless Position 64 = "B"; then the units are in "Blocks"; "999" = unknown distance (NOTE: Distances > 80 miles are flagged as suspect [refer to Position 32 of Data Record]; "9xx" codes indicate distance value is exclusively for the temperature instrument; "8xx" codes indicate distance value exclusively for precipitation.) 64 1 ALPHA (" ",B) UNITS INDICATOR FOR DPL "B" for Blocks; " " for tenths of miles 65-67 3 ALPHA-NUMERIC DIRECTION FOR DPL codes for the 16-points are used: N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, NNW; "999" indicates direction unknown; "000" indicates no change in direction except for some instances of precipitation only moves [see "8xx 000" example below] Examples of DPL Codes: CODE DEFINITION 999 999 Distance & direction unknown (the DPL is always missing in the first record for a new station) 015 NW Station moved 1.5 miles NW of previous location 000 000 No change in either station or instrument location 902 ESE Temperature instrument moved 0.2 miles ESE and precipitation instrument did not move; or the precipitation instrument move was not equal to that of the temperature instrument 800 000 Precipitation instrument moved, but temperature instrument did not move (in more recent history entries the direction may be given rather than encoded as zeroes) 000 ESE Station moved < 0.1 mi ESE of previous location 999 NW Moved an unknown distance to a location NW of the previous location 69-73 5 NUMERIC ELEVATION (of ground at temperature site) given in whole feet above or below mean sea level 75-78 4 NUMERIC DISTANCE FROM POST OFFICE (DPO) units are in tenths of miles unless Position 79 = "B"; then units are given in "Blocks"; "9999" = unknown distance 79 1 ALPHA (" ",B) UNITS INDICATOR FOR DPO "B" for Blocks; " " for tenths of miles 80-82 3 ALPHA-NUMERIC DIRECTION FOR DPO codes for the 16-points are used: N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, NNW; "999" indicates direction unknown; "000" indicates a location at the PO Examples of DPO Codes: CODE DEFINITION 9999 999 Distance & direction unknown 0015 NW Station 1.5 Miles NW of PO 0000 NW Station < 0.1 Mile NW of PO 0000 999 Station < 0.1 Mile from PO; direction unknown 9999 NW Station located an unknown distance to the NW of the PO 0000 000 Station located at PO 84-111 28 ALPHA STATION NAME (may include previous state/station number contained in parentheses, e.g., 4 to 6 characters) 113-122 10 ALPHA-NUMERIC QUALIFIER description added to primary station name; e.g., ASHEVILLE 2N 124-159 36 NUMERIC (0,1) INSTRUMENT INDICATOR Positions set equal to "1" indicate which instruments are on-site; otherwise "0" Position Instrument Mnemonic 124 1 Additional Instruments (wind, pressure, AI psychrometer, etc.) (see position 158) 125 2 Cotton Region Shelter (official) CRS 126 3 Dry-Bulb Thermometer DT 127 4 Class 'A' Evaporation Station EVA 128 5 Fischer-Porter Gage FP 129 6 Hygrothermograph HYTHG 130 7 Minimum Thermometer MN 131 8 Maximum Thermometer MX 132 9 Non-Recording River Gage NRIG 133 10 Non-Standard Rain Gage NSRG 134 11 Non-Standard Shelter NSS 135 12 Recording River Gage RRIG 136 13 Recording Rain Gage RRNG 137 14 Snow Density Gage SDE 138 15 Storage Gage SG 139 16 Standard Rain Gage SRG 140 17 Standard Shelter (official) SS 141 18 Thermograph TG 142 19 Digital Thermometer DGT 143 20 Tipping Bucket Gage TB 144 21 Other than Class 'A' Evaporation station EVO 145 22 Maximum/Minimum Temperature System MMTS 146 23 Telemetry System TELSY 147 24 Hygrothermometer (type unknown) HYGRO 148 25 Hygrothermometer - H06x series HY6 149 26 Hygrothermometer - H08x series HY8 150 27 Shielded Fischer-Porter Gage SFP 151 28 Shielded Recording Rain Gage SRRNG 152 29 Shielded Storage Gage SSG 153 30 Shielded Standard Rain Gage SSRG 154 31 Shielded Tipping Bucket STB 155 32 Automated Meteorological Observing System AMOS 156 33 Automated Observing Station AUTOB 157 34 Psychrometer (official, AK only) PSY 158-159 35-36 Not assigned at present time (NOTE: Mnemonics are not included in the metadata; however, these abbreviations are commonly used in USHCN printed products.) 161-164 4 ALPHA-NUMERIC OBSERVATION TIMES (OT) 161-162 2 Precipitation OT 163-164 2 Temperature OT The observation times are encoded to the nearest whole hour where known; in some instances, the observation may have been taken at a variable hour (e.g., sunrise or sunset) or according to a rotating seasonal schedule based upon agricultural needs. Examples: 01-24,99 Nearest Whole Hour; "99" for unknown SR Sunrise SS Sunset RS Rotating Schedule (in general, evening observations were taken during the winter months [Oct/Nov thru Apr/May] and morning observations taken during summer months or "crop season".) In "RS" instances, often two observations were taken during the summer; usually between 5-7 AM and again between 5-7 PM. In such 2 obs/day instances, it's unclear whether both elements are read twice, but recorded for a single hour; or (a more likely practice), the precipitation is recorded in the morning and temperature in the evening. At some sites (usually airports) a uniform schedule was in use, but the particular hour at which a particular element was observed was not specified. In these instances, the number of hours per day for which observations were taken is given. (NOTE: the number of hours must not be confused with synoptic observing schedules such as 3-hourly, 6-hourly, etc. ones at which observations are taken at intervals of every 3 hours, 6 hours, etc.) xxHR where xx indicates the number of hours for which the site took observations; An early practice regarding the observation times of temperature involved taking three readings (morning, afternoon, and evening or "tri-daily"). These readings were usually made at 7 AM, 2 PM, and 9 PM. A weighted average was computed in which the 9 PM observation was summed twice and the total sum divided by 4 [e.g., (7 AM + 2 PM + 9 PM + 9 PM )/ 4 ]. Note, in these instances, no precipitation observation time has been encoded. TRID indicates "tri-daily" temperature average The early editions of the Weather Bureau's reporting forms allowed space only for a single observing time to be entered. Later on, revised forms specifically identified whether the observation time was for temperature or precipitation. In the instances where the forms were ambiguous with regard to the observing times of these elements, the OT is encoded as follows: 9xx9 where xx indicates the hour as listed for the observations; whether it's accurate for both temperature and precipitation is unknown Examples of OT codes: SRSS Precipitation reading made at sunrise; temperature read at sunset SS99 Precipitation read at sunset; temperature read at an unknown hour or there is no temperature data available for that period of record 0718 Precipitation read at 0700 (i.e., 7 AM); temperature read at 1800 (i.e., 6 PM) 9079 Ambiguous form: 0700 was the only listed hour of observation; unknown whether for both temperature and precipitation 06HR Station observed 6 hours/day; whether the average of these 6 observations is what was recorded or only a single hour was used is unclear RSSS Precipitation readings made on a rotating schedule; temperatures read at sunset TRID "Tri-daily" readings of temperature; no OT encoded for precipitation 9918 Precipitation readings made at an unknown hour or there is no precipitation data available for that period of record; temperature read at 1800 166-167 2 ALPHA-NUMERIC HEIGHT OF PRECIPITATION INSTRUMENT ABOVE (00-99, RF) GROUND given in whole feet; "99" indicates missing; "98" indicates heights of 98 feet or greater; "RF" indicates a roof-top exposure 168-169 2 ALPHA-NUMERIC HEIGHT OF TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENT ABOVE (00-99, RF) GROUND given in whole feet; "99" indicates missing; "98" indicates heights of 98 feet or greater; "RF" indicates a roof-top exposure Examples of Instrument Height Codes: 0305 For a standard rain gage, the opening at top of the gage is mounted at 3 feet above the ground; and the thermometer (inside the shelter) is located at 5 feet above the ground RF99 Precipitation gage is located on roof; thermometer height is unknown or there is no temperature data available for that period of record 9805 Precipitation gage is at least 98 feet above the ground; thermometer is mounted 5 feet above the ground 171-186 16 NUMERIC (0,1) PUBLICATION INDICATOR Positions equal to "1" indicate where station's data are published (see below) except when a "1" occurs in position 178 to indicate the data are unpublished; else is "0" Position Publication Mnemonic 171 1 Bulletin W BW 172 2 Combined Bulletin CB 173 3 Climatological Data CD 174 4 Daily River Stages DRS 175 5 Hydrologic Bulletin HB 176 6 Hourly Precipitation Data HPD 177 7 Snow Bulletin SB 178 8 NOT PUBLISHED NP 179 9 Report to the Chief of US Weather Bureau CWB 180 10 Monthly Weather Review MWR 181 11 State Publication SP 182 12 Local Climatological Data LCD 183 13 Bulletin Q (1870-1903) BQ 184 14 Storage Gage Precipitation Data (Western US) SGPD 185 15 Weekly Weather Review WWR 186 16 US Meteorological Yearbook MYB (NOTE: Mnemonics are not included in the metadata; however, these abbreviations are commonly used in the USHCN printed products.) 188-233 46 ALPHA OBSERVERS NAME(S) 235-236 2 NUMERIC NUMBER OF OBSERVERS this number gives either the number of observers used as observers by the listed agency or "corporate" observer (that is, "US Forest Service" may have actually been 5 different observers during the particular period of record) or the number of additional known observers where to individually list multiple names would exceed the allotted space APPENDIX A DISTANCE CONVERSIONS (1 CITY BLOCK = 0.1 MILE) FEET = MILE FEET = MILE FRACTION = DECIMAL < 264 0.0 2376-2903 0.5 1/8 0.1 265-791 0.1 2904-3431 0.6 1/4 0.3 792-1319 0.2 3432-3959 0.7 3/8 0.4 1320-1847 0.3 3960-4487 0.8 1/2 0.5 1848-2375 0.4 4488-5015 0.9 3/4 0.8 STATE CODE/ABBREVIATION 01 AL Alabama 17 ME Maine 33 OH Ohio 02 AZ Arizona 18 MD Maryland 34 OK Oklahoma 03 AR Arkansas 19 MA Massachusetts 35 OR Oregon 04 CA California 20 MI Michigan 36 PA Pennsylvania 05 CO Colorado 21 MN Minnesota 37 RI Rhode Island 06 CT Connecticut 22 MS Mississippi 38 SC South Carolina 07 DE Delaware 23 MO Missouri 39 SD South Dakota 08 FL Florida 24 MT Montana 40 TN Tennessee 09 GA Georgia 25 NE Nebraska 41 TX Texas 10 ID Idaho 26 NV Nevada 42 UT Utah 11 IL Illinois 27 NH New Hampshire 43 VT Vermont 12 IN Indiana 28 NJ New Jersey 44 VA Virginia 13 IA Iowa 29 NM New Mexico 45 WA Washington 14 KS Kansas 30 NY New York 46 WV West Virginia 15 KY Kentucky 31 NC North Carolina 47 WI Wisconsin 16 LA Louisiana 32 ND North Dakota 48 WY Wyoming Planned additions to the USHCN: 49 Not Used 50 AK Alaska 51 HI Hawaii 66 PR Puerto Rico 67 VI Virgin Islands 91 Pacific Islands STATION HISTORY INVENTORY FILE Record Size: 64 characters/record The USHCN station inventory file (station.inventory.Z) contains the station ID, latitude, longitude, elevation, and station name for the 1221 USHCN stations. The format of the file is as follows: Position Data Field 01 - 09 STATION ID 01 - 02 State ID 03 - 06 Coop ID 07 "-" 08 - 09 State Division ID 11 - 16 LATITUDE (Decimal Degrees) 18 - 24 LONGITUDE (Decimal Degrees) 26 - 30 ELEVATION (Feet) 32 - 33 STATE ABBREVIATION 35 - 64 STATION NAME AND QUALIFIER STATION AREA LAND USE/LAND COVER FILE NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) implemented a Global Baseline Data Project in 1990. The purpose of the international project was to gather long-term Climatological data for research in global climate change. Some 1300 1st order stations, airports (city/rural), cooperative weather observation stations and all stations of the United States Historical Climatological Network (HCN) a special group of stations with long-term records of climate data, were included. Each station was requested to enter a code 0-9 (codes listed below) which best describe todays predominant land use within a circle around their station at each radius (100 meters, 1 kilometer, 10 kilometers). More than one code may be used if necessary to describe several predominant characteristics within each circle. The importance here was to code the predominant land use, not all land use. The project, coordinated by NCDC's Lewis France, Anne Lazar, Elaine Mason, Alvin McGahee and Ken Weathers, is now available on diskette and will soon be included as part of an On-Line Relational station history data base at NCDC. Codes: O UNKNOWN 1 NON-VEGETATED (barren, desert) 2 COASTAL OR ISLAND 3 FOREST 4 OPEN FARMLAND, GRASSLAND OR TUNDRA 5 SMALL TOWN, LESS THAN 1000 POPULATION 6 TOWN 1000 TO 10,000 POPULATION 7 CITY AREA WITH BUILDINGS LESS THAN 10 METERS* 8 CITY AREA WITH BUILDINGS GREATER THAN 10 METERS* 9 AIRPORT *30 feet or 3 stories tall Position Data Field 01-02 STATE 04-32 STATION NAME 34-35 STATE NUMBER 37-40 STATION NUMBER 48-57 LAND USE: 100 MTR RADIUS AROUND STATION 59-69 LAND USE: 1 KMTR RADIUS AROUND STATION 71-80 LAND USE: 10 KMTR RADIUS AROUND STATION